Corporate Health Insurance v. Texas Department of Insurance

PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:

Large changes in the delivery systems for medical services, including the growth of health maintenance organizations (“HMOs”) and managed care organizations (“MCOs”), came as rapid responses to rising costs for medical services and to the growth of medical expense reimbursement for employees. These new entities injected an intermediary between doctor and patient in setting medical care charges and making payments; at the same time, the insurance industry began to offer administrative services to employers and to contract with doctors for services at set…