Legal Opinion
Middleton v. City of Flint
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Decided August 6, 1996No. Nos. 93-1367, 93-1368PublishedCited by 31 opinions
1Opinion of the Court
BOGGS, Circuit Judge.
The city of Flint, Michigan, adopted a plan in 1985 requiring that 50% of all police officers who are promoted to the rank of sergeant be members of specified “minority” groups. This action under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1981 was brought by white police officers who have been passed over at least once1 for promotion because the plan required that minorities be promoted ahead of them to maintain the designated numerical balance. The district court granted summary judgment to the city, and the plaintiffs timely appealed. We hold that the city has not met its heavy burden of…
2Cases cited25 opinions
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of EducationSupreme Court of the United States · 1971
- Regents of the University of California v. BakkeSupreme Court of the United States · 1978
- Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. PenaSupreme Court of the United States · 1995
- City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.Supreme Court of the United States · 1989
- Hazelwood School District v. United StatesSupreme Court of the United States · 1977
20 more not listed; retrieve them via the Exa API.
3Cited by31 opinions
- Wessmann v. GittensCourt of Appeals for the First Circuit · 1998
- Police Ass'n of New Orleans Ex Rel. Cannatella v. City of New OrleansCourt of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit · 1996
- Chicago Firefighters Local 2 v. City of ChicagoCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 2001
- Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Inc.District Court, N.D. California · 2004
- Builders Association of Greater Chicago v. County of Cook, and Association of Asian Construction Enterprises, Intervening-Defendants-AppellantsCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 2001
26 more not listed; retrieve them via the Exa API.