Antonio Rosario Jose Jeres Antonio Ramirez v. United States

BACKGROUND

McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge:

In August 1992, agents of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (“ATF”) learned that crack cocaine was being sold out of Apartment 4B at 54 West 174th Street in the Bronx, New York. The agents provided a confidential government informant (“Cl”) with pre-marked “buy money” to buy cocaine. The Cl entered Apartment 4B and returned five minutes later with a small quantity of crack cocaine.

Three days later, at the behest of ATF officials, the Cl made another purchase at the apartment. The agents then got a search warrant for Apartment 4B. As…