Travis Volden, Appellant/cross-Appellee v. Innovative Financial Systems, Inc., Appellee/cross-Appellant

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

Travis Volden appeals from a grant of summary judgment in favor of Innovative Financial Systems, Inc. (IFS) for claims made under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and state-law causes of action for fraud and deceit. IFS cross-appeals the district court’s 1 conclusion that IFS is a debt collector for purposes of the FDCPA. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

IFS is primarily a check guarantee company that contracts with merchants who accept checks from customers. IFS, in turn, contracts with EFT Network, Inc. (EFT) to process returned checks through the “automated clearing…