United States of America John C. Cox v. Commonwealth of Virginia

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge LUTTIG wrote the opinion, in which Judge MICHAEL and Judge GOODWIN joined.

OPINION

LUTTIG, Circuit Judge:

The legislature for the Commonwealth of Virginia has authorized the Virginia Criminal Justice Services Board to establish training, registration, and licensing requirements for the private security services industry. See Va.Code Ann. § 9-182(B). Under Virginia law, any “private security services business” operating in Virginia must obtain a state license and any Virginia “private investigator” must register with the state. 1 To obtain a license, the…