United States v. Armand Fred Hoepker, United States of America v. Walter Gail Thomas, United States of America v. Edward L. Smith

LINDLEY, Circuit Judge.

Defendants were adjudged guilty as charged in separate indictments of violating the Universal Military Training and Service Act, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 451 et seq., in that each had refused to perform certain civilian work to which he had been assigned by his local board.

The facts in all three cases are essentially the same. Each defendant, on his application, was classified I-O, (conscientiously opposed to participation in war), by his local board. This classification obligated him to perform, in lieu of military service, civilian work “contributing to the maintenance…