Legal Opinion
Lyes v. City of Riviera Beach
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Decided February 11, 1999No. 96-4577PublishedCited by 81 opinions
1Opinion of the Court
CARNES, Circuit Judge:
We granted the defendant’s petition for rehearing en banc in this employment discrimination case to decide two issues. The first is whether women are a protected class for 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) purposes, so that a sex-based conspiracy against women is actionable under that provision. We hold that they are and it is. We also hold that Congress has the constitutional authority to prohibit such conspiracies, at least where they involve state action.
The second issue concerns the test applicable for deciding whether the employees of two employers are to be aggregated for…
2Cases cited61 opinions
- Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.Supreme Court of the United States · 1986
- Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better EnvironmentSupreme Court of the United States · 1998
- Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.Supreme Court of the United States · 1998
- City of St. Louis v. PraprotnikSupreme Court of the United States · 1988
- Griffin v. BreckenridgeSupreme Court of the United States · 1971
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3Cited by81 opinions
- Turner v. Baylor Richardson Medical CenterCourt of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit · 2007
- United States v. IreyCourt of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · 2010
- CBS Inc., Fox Broadcasting Co. v. Primetime 24 Joint VentureCourt of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · 2001
- Sandoval v. Boulder RegionalCourt of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2004
- Karla Vanessa Arcia v. Florida Secretary of StateCourt of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · 2014
76 more not listed; retrieve them via the Exa API.