Anderson, Vicente J. v. Zubieta, Alberto

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge GARLAND.

GARLAND, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiffs are black American citizens of Panamanian or Hispanic national origin who have long worked for the Panama Canal Commission and its predecessor, the Panama Canal Company (together, the “PCC” or “Canal Commission”). The PCC pays them substantially less in salary and benefits than it pays other American citizens working at the same jobs — the overwhelming majority of whom are white, non-Panamanians. The plaintiffs allege this pay differential constitutes race and national origin discrimination in violation of…