In Re Murchison.

Michigan law authorizes any judge of its courts of record to act as a so-called “one-man grand jury.” 1 He can compel witnesses to appear before him in secret to testify about suspected crimes. We have previously held that such a Michigan “judge-grand jury” cannot consistently with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment summarily convict a witness of contempt for *134conduct in the secret hearings. In re Oliver, 333 U. S. 257. We held that before such a conviction could stand, due process requires as a minimum that an accused be given a public trial after reasonable notice of the…