Abstract
Thepurposeofthepresentpaperistodevelopanenvironmental temperature scale based on our current knowledge of the physiolbgy of heat regulation as it applies･to comfort, temperature sensation, and health. We will construct thisscalebyusingfirsttheheatexchangeequationsduring the passive state as ti rational starting basis and by introducingthentheeffectofknownphysiologicalregulatory controls. The principles to be described ipay be applied to many levels of activities, to various air rnovements, hnd'to radiant heating and cooling. However, our present discus: sion wil1 deal primarily with normally clothed sedentary human subjects in a uniformly heated and normally venti-. Iatedenvironment.Asanumerical'index,thenewtemperature scale will be defined in terms'of dry bulb and normal humidity and will be comparable to temperatures of naturalenvironments, which one generally experiences in '' temperate climates. Temperature Scale [[he first single temperature scale, which was used tc mea= surethethermalcomfortoftheenvironment,wasdeveloped by Houghton and Yagloul for ASH&VE in 1923. By a series of carefully chosen experimental conditions they were able to predict loci of constant temperature sensation expressed in terms of dry bulb and humidity. After almost 50 years this empirical psychophysical temperature scale is still in use the world over. This scale has shown the importance of humidity and dry bulb in judging comfort and heat stress and has been used as a temperature standa,rd for working conditions in many occupations.2,3 In later years A. PL Gagge is prdessor of environmental physiology, John B. Pierce founclation and Yble Uhiversity, IVew Hkeven, (]bnn. XA.JlStolwijkisassociateprdessorofenvironmentalphysiology and YL 7ViShi is research associnte .lohn B. Pierce libunclation IVew Jt to rationalize sensory observations. ofcomfort and temperature. with the temperatures that occur simultaneously within the body and on the skin surface, with the va;ious regylatory processes that result in vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the vascular system within the skin layer, apd witi} i' the secretion of swe4t necessary for evapoTative coelin,g.,-,, theolderscaleasareasonableandlogicalestimateofen- ., virpnmentai .temperature stress for normally clothe.d,seden- The general nature of these processes has already been cov,ered in the ASHRAE literature. Here the role played by this major physiological factor may be summarized .briefly, as follows: / Internal (or Core} Body Te' mperature . The experiments of Chatonnet and Cabanac6 have shown,for sedentary persons in a water bath that core temperature is a good index of thermal discomfort and that this sensation may be quite independent of skin temperature. Th". same observation in a calorimetry has been macte by Benzinger. 7 During the exercise the same degree rise in core temperature does not cause necessarily the same discomfort as observed for sedentary conditions.
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