Abstract
Tonsilloliths, also known as tonsil stones, are calcified formations that develop in the crypts of the tonsils through the accumulation of food debris, desquamated epithelial cells, and bacteria. Although often asymptomatic, they can cause persistent halitosis, foreign body sensation in the throat, discomfort when swallowing, and recurrent episodes of tonsillitis. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical examination, and in atypical cases, imaging investigations, such as computed tomography, can confirm the presence of deeply embedded stones. Therapeutic options range from conservative methods, such as gargling with antiseptic solutions and manual removal, to minimally invasive procedures, such as laser cryptolysis or radiofrequency. In severe or recurrent cases, tonsillectomy is the definitive solution. Prevention involves rigorous oral hygiene, proper hydration, and avoiding risk factors, such as smoking. This review explores the causes, symptoms, and treatments available for tonsilloliths, highlighting the importance of a correct diagnosis and a personalized approach for each patient, with the aim of reducing the frequency and severity of recurrent episodes.
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