Features of Visual Perception of Volumetric Wall Panels Depending on Lighting Scenarios

Volumetric wall panels occupy a unique position between architectural surfaces and sculptural reliefs, where visual perception strongly depends on lighting scenarios. The article examines how the direction, intensity, distribution, and colour temperature of light influence the perceived depth, texture legibility, and material qualities of three-dimensional wall panels, with an emphasis on gypsum relief compositions. The study synthesises recent findings from vision science, environmental psychology and interior design on shape-from-shading, material perception, visual comfort and spatial appraisal. Within this framework, the work analyses how grazing, directional, diffuse and mixed lighting schemes enhance or suppress relief articulation, modify the reading of concavities and convexities, and alter impressions of warmth, softness and visual complexity. The goal is to formulate design-oriented recommendations for selecting lighting scenarios that reveal volumetric panels without visual fatigue or perceptual distortions. The article will be helpful for interior designers, lighting designers, sculptors working with architectural relief, and researchers studying the interaction between light, surface geometry and human perception.