Pa. Interscholastic Athletic Ass'n, Inc. v. Nat'l Labor Relations Bd.

Griffith, Circuit Judge:

*839 This case asks whether lacrosse officials working for the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA) are employees subject to the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) or independent contractors exempt from its protections. "[T]here is no shorthand formula or magic phrase that can be applied to find the answer ...." NLRB v. United Ins. Co. of Am. , 390 U.S. 254 , 258, 88 S.Ct. 988 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1083 (1968). Rather, we must evaluate all aspects of the relationship using several factors from the common law of agency as a guide. Because the weight of the…