In Re Application of the President's Commission on Organized Crime. Subpoena of Lorenzo Scaduto

FAY and JOHNSON, Circuit Judges:

This appeal raises a number of important questions regarding the composition and powers of the President’s Commission on Organized Crime (the “Commission”). It arises from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, holding appellant Scaduto in contempt for his failure to testify before the *1193Commission. On appeal, Scaduto raises the following issues: 1) whether the appointment of two Article III judges and two members of Congress to the Commission violated the separation of powers doctrine; 2) whether appellant validly…