Nowakowski v. New York

A petitioner must, at “all stages of federal judicial proceedings,” be able to demonstrate that he has “suffered!] or [is] threatened with[ ] an actual injury tracea*229ble to the defendant and likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spencer v. Kemna, 528 U.S. 1, 7, 118 S.Ct. 978, 140 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998) (quoting Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 478, 110 S.Ct. 1249, 108 L.Ed.2d 400 (1990)). Absent a concrete,'non-speculative, and re-dressable injury, a case ceases to present “a case or controversy under Article III ... of the Constitution.” Id. As we have long observed,…